Women in Science

[Femmadian]

via Amazing Women in History

United States Navy Admiral Grace Hopper (1906–1992) was one of the first programmers in the history of computers. Her belief that programming languages should be as easily understood as English was highly influential on the development of one of the first programming languages called COBOL. It is largely due to Grace Hopper’s influence that programmers use “if/thens” instead of 1s and 0s today.

From a young age, Grace had a curious and analytical mind. When she was seven, she decided she wanted to figure out how clocks worked. To find the answer, she took apart every single alarm clock in the house! When her mother found out, instead of scolding Grace, she limited her to taking apart only one alarm clock at a time.

Grace’s parents encouraged her curiosity in other ways, too. Her mother, Mary Campbell Van Horne Murray, had been very interested in math as a young woman, but hadn’t been able to study anything beyond geometry because it wasn’t considered proper for a lady at the time. She made sure to encourage Grace in her interests and not to limit her based on her gender.

Grace’s father, Walter Fletcher Murray, wanted all of his children to be self-sufficient and made sure his two daughters had the same education and opportunities as his son, which was unusual for the early 20th century. With this encouragement, she went on to study math and physics at Vassar and then Yale, earning her PhD in mathematics in 1931. After graduating, Grace stayed at Vassar to teach math for the next ten years before turning to the US Navy.

While women had been allowed to serve in the navy since the 1800s, they were limited to nursing and, starting with the turn of the century, some administrative duties. With the start of World War II the military became a little less particular about gender. In 1942, the Navy put together an all-female division called Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), giving women the opportunity to do more for their country during a time of great need.

Grace Hopper took a leave of absence from teaching at Vassar to enlist in the US Navy Reserve in 1943, becoming a part of WAVES. She had to obtain an exemption in order to enlist since she weighed in at 15 lbs (about 7 kg or 1 stone) below the required weight of 120 lbs (about 54 kg or 8.5 stone). Despite what could have been a disadvantage, she graduated first in her class and was assigned the rank of lieutenant, junior grade. She was immediately assigned to the programming staff for the new Mark I computer (an electro-mechanical computer weighing over 10,000 lbs/4500 kg) at Harvard University.

After World War II ended in 1945, Grace requested a transfer to the regular Navy, but her request was denied due to her age — she was 38 at the time. She was now completely hooked on computer programming, turning down a full professorship offer from Vassar to continue to work at Harvard as a research fellow under a Navy contract.

It was in the 1940s that Grace Hopper’s most famous anecdote occurred: Grace and her team of associates were having a hard time figuring out what was causing a glitch in the Mark II computer they were working with. Finally, they discovered the source of the issue: a live moth was stuck in one of the electrical switches controlling a circuit. Grace loved to tell the story about how they “debugged” the early computer by removing the moth, bringing the obscure engineering term into popular use in computer science.

In the 1950s, Grace started working for a company called Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as the senior mathematician on the team developing a new computer called UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I), which became the second commercial computer produced in the United States. It was at this position that she created what is called the “A compiler.” In computer programming, a compiler is a program that transforms source code written from one computer language into another, usually less complex, language.

While compilers are indispensable to programmers today, they were revolutionary at a time when computers were mainly used, as their name implies, for performing computations: “Nobody believed that,” she said. “I had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic.”

Eventually her work there was recognized and she was named the company’s first director of automatic programming two years later.

Grace Murray Hopper at the UNIVAC keyboard around 1960

In 1959 a consortium was formed called Conference on Data Systems Languages, or CODASYL, with the purpose of developing a standard programming language that could be used universally on any computer. Grace Hopper was asked to serve as the technical consultant on the committee, which later developed the programming language COBOL. She also developed validation software for COBOL to make sure the language could perform its function. COBOL, which stands for “COmmon Business-Oriented Language”, is still used in order-processing business software today.

Grace continued to work on COBOL as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group, and was promoted to captain in 1973. Throughout the seventies, she pioneered work in designing and implementing technology standards for the US Navy. The tests and standards she developed were later adopted by the National Bureau of Standards (today called the National Institute of Standards and Technology), and helped to shape the future of programming.

Grace tried to retire twice, in 1966 and 1971, but both times she was recalled to active duty indefinitely. She was promoted to commodore in 1983, a title that was later renamed to “rear admiral, lower half,” and finally retired for the last time in 1986 at the age of 80. At the time, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the US Navy. At her retirement she was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat award possible by the Department of Defense. She then worked as a consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation until her death in 1992.

In the course of her lifetime, Grace Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities around the world, along with numerous awards and honors including:

• First winner of “Computer Science Man of the Year” award from the Data Processing Management Association in 1969 [and yet they stilled called it Computer Science Man until 10 years later when another woman won]
• First person from the United States and the first woman from any country to be made Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in 1973
• First woman to receive the National Medal of Technology as an individual in 1991

Nicknamed “Amazing Grace,” she serves as a role model and inspiration to women working in a variety of STEM fields today. Without Grace Hopper’s work and the influence of her ideas on the development of computer programming, the field of computer science would look very different today.

The most important thing I’ve accomplished, other than building the compiler, is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, ‘Do you think we can do this?’ I say, ‘Try it.’ And I back ‘em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir ‘em up at intervals so they don’t forget to take chances.

--Grace Hopper

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Significant Honors/Awards (via Naval History and Heritage Command)
(This is not a complete list. It merely highlights Rear Admiral Hopper's many accomplishments.)

1928 - Phi Beta Kappa [honor society for undergraduate liberal arts and sciences majors]
1934 - Sigma Xi [scientific research society]
1946 - Naval Ordnance Development Award
1962 - Fellow, IEEE [Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers]
1963 - Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
1964 - SWE (Society of Women Engineers) Achievement Award, Society of Women Engineers
1968 - IEEE Philadelphia Section Achievement Award
1968 - Connelly Memorial Award, Miami Valley Computer Association
1969 - Computer Sciences "Man of the Year", Data Processing Management Association
1970 - Upsilon Pi Epsilon [international honor society for the computing sciences], Honorary Member, Texas A&M [University], Alpha Chapter
1970 - Science Achievement Award, American Mothers Committee
1970 - Harry Goode Memorial Award, American Federation of Information Processing Societies
1972 - Honorary Doctor of Engineering, Newark College of Engineering
1972 - Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal, Yale University
1973 - Epsilon Delta Pi [honor society for computer information systems], Honorary Member, SUNY [State University of New York] Potsdam Chapter
1973 - Honorary Doctor of Science, C.W. Post College, Long Island University
1973 - Elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering.
1973 - Legion of Merit
1973 - Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society
1974 - Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Pennsylvania
1976 - Distinguished Member Award, Washington D.C. Chapter, ACM [Association for Computing Machinery]
1976 - Honorary Doctor of Science, Pratt Institute
1976 - W. Wallace McDowell Award, IEEE Computer Society
1980 - three honorary doctorates
1980 - Meritorious Service Medal
1981 - three honorary doctorates
1982 - two honorary doctorates
1983 - five honorary doctorates
1983 - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Computer Pioneer Medal
1983 - Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement, California
1983 - American Association of University Women Achievement Award
1983 - Federally Employed Women Achievement Award
1983 - Association for Computing Machinery Distinguished Service Award
1984 - eight honorary doctorates
1984 - Living Legacy Award, Women's International Center, California
1984 - Woman of the Year Award, Young Women's Christian Association of the National Capitol Area
1985 - seven honorary doctorates
1985 - The Grace Murray Hopper Service Center built at NARDAC [Navy Regional Data Automation Center] San Diego.
1986 - four honorary doctorates
1986 - Defense Distinguished Service Medal
1986 - Meritorious Citation, Navy Relief Society
1987 - one honorary doctorate
1988 - The Charles Holmes Pette Medal, University of New Hampshire
1988 - The Emanuel R. Piore Award, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1991 - National Medal of Technology
[Source: Dickason, Elizabeth. " Looking Back: Grace Murray Hopper's Younger Years." Chips 12, no.2 (April 1992): 6.]

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Grace Brewster Murray was born in New York in 1906. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper would die Jan. 1, 1992, and be buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery. Five years later, the guided missile destroyer Hopper was commissioned in San Francisco; Hopper’s name also graces the Anita Borg Institute’s Celebration of Women in Computing conference
(of which Google is a sponsor).



(Google Doodle from 12/09/2013 pictured via The Washington Post)

[Bold emphasis mine.]

[Happy_Go_Lucky]

16-Year-Old Irish Girls Win Google Science Fair 2014 With World-Changing Crop Yield Breakthrough

by Beverley Mitchell, 09/25/14

filed under: global development, News, Sustainable Food






google science fair winners 2014

Irish teenagers Ciara Judge, Émer Hickey and Sophie Healy-Thow, all 16, have won the Google Science Fair 2014. Their project, Combating the Global Food Crisis, aims to provide a solution to low crop yields by pairing a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that naturally occurs in the soil with cereal crops it does not normally associate with, such as barley and oats. The results were incredible: the girls found their test crops germinated in half the time and had a drymass yield up to 74 percent greater than usual.













All three girls love gardening. In 2011, at school, they were also studying the food crisis in the Horn of Africa and were thinking about ways they could help. One day Hickey pulled up some pea plants from her garden and brought them in to discuss strange nodules on the roots with the girls’ science teacher. Peas, like other leguminous plants, have a symbiotic relationship with diazatrophic rhizobia bacteria found in soil. This relationship leads to nitrogen fixing in the soil, which can reduce the need for added chemical fertilizers.

Related: 15-Year-Old Develops Flashlight Powered by Body Heat, Wins Top Prize in Google Science Fair

The girls decided to experiment with the effects of rhizobia on non-leguminous plants. After trialing over 10,000 barley and oat seeds, the results were astonishing. Two types of rhizobia in particular showed great potential for agricultural use. In their submission to the Fair the girls stated: “These results have significant potential for increasing yields of food crops and reducing losses due to adverse weather conditions. They also offer opportunities for reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture by reducing fertilizer usage. As demand for cereals increases with population growth, this discovery could act as a partial solution to the impending food poverty crisis. There is potential for future work in this area and we plan to investigate the biochemical mechanism involved and carry out more extensive field trials.”

The trio are not newcomers to scientific achievement. In 2013, they were awarded first place in a national science competition from a field of 2,000 entries. They then represented Ireland in the European Contest for Young Scientists in September 2013, where they also won first place. As the Grand Prize winners of the Google Science Fair....

http://inhabitat.com/16-year-old-iri...-breakthrough/

[Happy_Go_Lucky]

Jane Goodall - Animal Rights Activist





Synopsis

Born on April 3, 1934, in London, England, Jane Goodall set out to Tanzania to study wild chimpanzees by sitting amongst them, bypassing more rigid procedures and uncovering discoveries about primate behavior that have continued to shape scientific discourse. She is a highly respected member of the world scientific community and is a staunch advocate of ecological preservation.

Early Life

Jane Goodall was born on April 3, 1934, in London, England, to Mortimer Herbert Goodall, a businessperson and motor-racing enthusiast, and the former Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, who wrote novels under the name Vanne Morris Goodall. Along with her sister, Judy, Goodall was reared in London and Bournemouth, England. Her fascination with animal behavior began in early childhood. In her leisure time, she observed native birds and animals, making extensive notes and sketches, and read widely in the literature of zoology and ethology. From an early age, she dreamed of traveling to Africa to observe exotic animals in their natural habitats.

Early Interest in Primates

Goodall attended the Uplands private school, receiving her school certificate in 1950 and a higher certificate in 1952. At age 18 she left school and found employment as a secretary at Oxford University. In her spare time, she worked at a London-based documentary film company to finance a long-anticipated trip to Africa. At the invitation of a childhood friend, she visited South Kinangop, Kenya. Through other friends, she soon met the famed anthropologist Louis Leakey, then curator of the Coryndon Museum in Nairobi. Leakey hired her as a secretary and invited her to participate in an anthropological dig at the now famous Olduvai Gorge, a site rich in fossilized prehistoric remains of early ancestors of humans. In addition, Goodall was sent to study the vervet monkey, which lives on an island in Lake Victoria.

Leakey believed that a long-term study of the behavior of higher primates would yield important evolutionary information. He had a particular interest in the chimpanzee, the second most intelligent primate. Few studies of chimpanzees had been successful; either the size of the safari frightened the chimps, producing unnatural behaviors, or the observers spent too little time in the field to gain comprehensive knowledge. Leakey believed that Goodall had the proper temperament to endure long-term isolation in the wild. At his prompting, she agreed to attempt such a study. Many experts objected to Leakey's selection of Goodall because she had no formal scientific education and lacked even a general college degree.

http://www.biography.com/people/jane-goodall-9542363

[Happy_Go_Lucky]

Meet Doctor Joanne Liu




The amazingly courageous woman who leads Doctors Without Borders





A Canadian physician who risks her life to save the world.

"A rare visible minority in a city that was and is overwhelmingly white, Dr. Liu, 48, was bullied mercilessly in grade school, from minor teasing to racist taunts and pushes and punches. “It shapes your mind, consciously or unconsciously. When I was young, I would tell myself it’s not because I’m different I won’t be as good. I always made a huge deal of being good at everything. That’s how I coped with it. You react by overperforming, or underperforming.”

Inspired by reading Camus’s The Plague and Jean-Pierre Willem’s memoir of working in Afghanistan in the 1980s, Dr. Liu decided in her early teens she would become a physician who treats the world’s poorest patients. She trained at McGill University and obtained specialties in pediatrics and emergency medicine with those goals in mind.

In 1993, when she was doing an internship in intensive care at Sainte-Justine, her supervising physician, Dr. Joaquim Miro, invited her to her first MSF meeting. Three years later, she would complete her first mission to a refugee camp in Mauritania...

She went on to serve in war zones such as Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Congo and other disaster zones, such as Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. She’s frequently been under fire over the years, has slept with boots on for a quick escape, and worked undercover in Syria in the past year to avoid being kidnapped."

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/...ticle21183104/

[dark_crystal]

From yesterday's Chronicle of Higher Education:



Meet the Math Professor Who’s Fighting Gerrymandering With Geometry

A Tufts University professor has a proposal to combat gerrymandering: give more geometry experts a day in court.
Moon Duchin is an associate professor of math and director of the Science, Technology and Society program at Tufts. She realized last year that some of her research about metric geometry could be applied to gerrymandering — the practice of manipulating the shape of electoral districts to benefit a specific party, which is widely seen as a major contributor to government dysfunction.

[snip]

"Changes to voting rules that used to be considered by courts before they could be implemented," Ms. Duchin says, "are now implemented first and the courts consider them after the fact." Because of the increase in cases challenging new electoral maps, she says, there’s a need for expert witnesses who understand the mathematical concepts applicable to gerrymandering.

To meet that need, she’s spearheaded the creation of a five-day summer program at Tufts that aims to train mathematicians to do just that. The first three days of the program will be open to the public and available online, with lessons that put redistricting in legal, historical, civil-rights, and mathematical contexts. Attendees of the program’s final two days will participate in one of three specialized tracks on giving expert testimony, teaching, and working with geographic-information systems.

The summer program, created in partnership with the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, was announced late in January. Already, Ms. Duchin says, over 900 people have indicated their interest by signing up for a mailing list.

From Ms. Duchin's wikipedia page:

Duchin went to Harvard University as an undergraduate, where she was active in queer organizing and finished a double major in mathematics and women's studies in 1998. As a graduate student in mathematics at the University of Chicago, she continued her feminist activism by teaching gender studies and pushing the university to add gender-neutral bathrooms, and was mentioned mockingly by name on the Rush Limbaugh show. She completed her doctorate in 2005, under the supervision of Alex Eskin. She was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Davis and the University of Michigan before joining the Tufts faculty in 2011.

If you know this sister, shake her hand for me!