March is Women's History Month!!!!

[Kobi]

1803
Parliament passes the first British abortion law, prohibiting abortion after quickening.

1804
The Napoleonic Code of France considers women—like criminals, children, and the insane—to be legal minors. A woman's husband controls her property and, in the case of divorce, gets the children.

1804
Native American Sacagawea, whose husband is a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, serves as a guide and interpreter for the group.

1805
Mercy Otis Warren publishes her influential History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution, drawing in part on personal knowledge of the prominent figures of the time.

1807
New Jersey revokes the right of women to vote, a right they had been granted since the adoption of the constitution of New Jersey in 1776.

1813
In England, Elizabeth Fry advocates reform of Newgate Prison, in which 300 women and children are housed under appalling conditions.

1816
Nanny Grigg, a slave in Barbados, plays a significant role in the island's only serious slave rebellion.

1817
The South African warrior queen Mmanthatisi becomes the leader of the Tlokwa (a southern Sotho group). She plans military strategy and leads the nation to a new homeland in Lesotho.

1821
Colombian women gain the right to attend university.

1821
Emma Willard opens the Troy Female Seminary in New York and begins teaching a rigorous curriculum to girls.

1825
Frances Wright founds a utopian community at Nashoba, Tennessee, trying to put into practice her ideas for gradual emancipation of slaves. The plantation fails but attracts wide publicity.

1833
Lydia Maria Child publishes An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans, arguing for the abolition of slavery.

1833
Lord Byron's daughter, Augusta Ada King, countess of Lovelace, begins studying Charles Babbage's “difference engine.” She becomes, arguably, the world's first computer programmer. More than a century later the computer language Ada is named for her.

1833
Oberlin Collegiate Institute (later Oberlin College) is founded in Ohio as the first American college to admit men and women on an equal basis.

1834
In Lowell, Massachusetts, women mill workers stage a successful strike to reverse a 25 percent cut in their pay.

1835
Marie Tussaud establishes her collection of wax figures in a permanent location on Baker Street in London.

1837
The first Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women is held in New York City.

1837
Victoria ascends the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1840
Female delegates are refused admittance to the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London. This event leads Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to call the first women's rights convention.

1841
Australian philanthropist Caroline Chisholm founds the Female Immigrants' Home in Sydney to assist poor women in finding work.

1843
The reports of American Dorothea Dix to the Massachusetts legislature about the conditions in prisons for the insane lead to reform.

1844
The English Factory Act establishes the 12-hour workday for female factory workers.

1845
Swedish women win equal rights of inheritance.

1848
The Seneca Falls Convention is held and launches the woman suffrage movement in the United States. The document produced is the Declaration of Sentiments, patterned after the Declaration of Independence.

1849
Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Maryland to Philadelphia. By the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Tubman will have returned to the South some 19 times and rescued upward of 300 other slaves.

1849
Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first modern-day woman doctor of medicine in the United States.

1851
African American evangelist and reformer Sojourner Truth gives her famous speech in defense of the rights of black women, “Ain't I a Woman?”

1851
The new Guatemalan constitution grants full citizenship to financially independent women.

1852
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, one of the most important antislavery novels in America; it sells 300,000 copies in the first year.

1853
Antoinette Brown Blackwell becomes a Congregational minister and is the first woman ordained by a recognized denomination in the United States.

1853
Queen Victoria is administered chloroform during the delivery of her eighth child. Her approval and recommendation of it popularizes use of the anesthetic.

1854
Florence Nightingale begins nursing casualties during the Crimean War and effectively establishes nursing as a profession for women. Her efforts help reduce the death rate from combat injuries from 42 percent to 2.2 percent.

1860
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody founds the first English-language kindergarten in the United States.

[Kobi]

Elizabeth "Bessie" Coleman (Jan 26, 1892–April 30, 1926) an American civil aviator, was the first female pilot of African American descent and the first person of African American descent to hold an international pilot license.

Stagecoach” Mary Fields (c. 1832-1914) was born a slave in Tennessee and following the Civil War, she moved to the pioneer community of Cascade, Montana. In 1895, when she was around 60 years old, Fields became the second woman and first African American carrier for the US Postal Service. Despite her age, she never missed a day of work in the ten years she carried the mail and earned the nickname “Stagecoach” for her reliability.

[Kobi]

1862
In Sweden, single women who pay taxes win the right to vote in municipal elections.

1863
Mary Edwards Walker becomes a surgeon for the Union army in the American Civil War. In 1865 she receives a Congressional Medal of Honor. It is revoked shortly before her death and then reawarded posthumously.

c. 1863
More than 2,000 warriors form the Dahomey women's army, all of them technically wives of the king. Using bows, guns, and knives, they fight to capture prisoners.

1865
Sarah Edmonds publishes her autobiography, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, describing her undercover work disguised as a man named Frank Thompson.

1865
The University of Zürich becomes the first European university to admit women.

1867
In Britain, the first petition for woman suffrage is presented to Parliament.

1867
In St. Andrews, Scotland, the Ladies' Golf Club is founded. 1868
In Thailand, Amdang Munan refuses to marry the man her parents picked for her. She prevails upon the king to rule that women may choose their own husbands.

1869
Married women in Britain gain the right to own property. 1869
Iowan Arabella Mansfield is the first woman admitted to the bar in the United States.

1869
Americans Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony found the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).

1869
Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell help found the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).

1872
Charlotte E. Ray, the first African American woman lawyer, becomes the first woman admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia.

1872
In Japan, primary education for girls as well as boys is required by law. 1872
Susan B. Anthony leads 15 women to vote in Rochester, New York. She is arrested two weeks later.

1874
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is founded.

1876
Tokyo Women's Normal School trains women as elementary teachers.

1877
Eudora Clark Atkinson is the first woman superintendent of the first women's state reformatory in the United States.

1877
Chilean women are allowed to attend university.

1877
Mother Jones helps lead the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, railroad strike.

1879
American Mary Baker Eddy heads the newly created First Church of Christ, Scientist.

c. 1880
Paiute Indian leader Sarah Winnemucca protests conditions on Indian reservations.

1881
In the United States the Indian Treaty-Keeping and Protective Association (later Women's National Indian Association) is founded by Mary Lucinda Bonney and Amelia Stone Quinton.

1881
Clara Barton establishes the American branch of the Red Cross and becomes its first president.

1881
Sofya Perovskaya helps to plan the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. She is arrested, tried, found guilty, and executed.

1881
Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor, a profound condemnation of the treatment of Native Americans by the United States.

1884
Wimbledon holds its first women's singles championship; Maud Watson wins.

1886
Women in Palestine agitate for the right to vote.

1886
Anandibai Joshee is the first Indian woman to earn a medical degree.

1889
Journalist Nellie Bly sets off around the world to beat the fictional record of Phileas Fogg.

1889
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House in Chicago. It is one of the first settlement houses in the United States and the most famous.

1889
Wyoming, a U.S. territory, approves a constitution that is the first in the world to grant full voting rights to women.

1890
The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is founded.

1890
Alice Stone Blackwell and others oversee the merger of two older organizations to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

1891
Liliuokalani becomes queen of Hawaii.

1892
Belgian activist Marie Popelin helps found the Belgian League of Women's Rights.

1892
Journalist Ida Wells-Barnett begins her campaign against lynching. Her newspaper offices are burned, and she is driven out of Memphis, Tennessee.

1892
The Royal Geographical Society admits Isabella Bird Bishop, its first female member.

1892
In Massachusetts, Senda Berenson introduces basketball at Smith College for women. 1

893
Largely through the efforts of suffragist Kate Sheppard, New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the right to vote.

1893
In New York, Lillian D. Wald and Mary M. Brewster found the Henry Street Settlement on Manhattan's Lower East Side. It will become the home of the first visiting nurse organization.

1893
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine opens in Baltimore, Maryland. The women's committee that funds the school insists that men and women be admitted equally. \

1896
In Zimbabwe, legends hold, the ancestral spirit Ambuya Nehanda enters the body of a woman, who then starts a revolt against the British.

1896
The U.S. Geological Survey hires its first woman, geologist Florence Bascom.

1897
Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee, commemorating 60 years as Great Britain's monarch.

1897
Americans Alice McLellan Birney and Phoebe Apperson Hearst found the National Congress of Mothers, later called the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA). 1

898
Charlotte Perkins Gilman writes Women and Economics. She argues that the lost talent of women hampers the entire economy.

1898
The Chinese dowager empress Cixi regains power from the emperor. In 1900 she supports the Boxer Rebellion against the foreign powers.

1899
Kansan Carry Nation begins her campaign to close saloons, physically attacking bars with her hatchet.

1899
Korean women organize Yo-u-hoe, the Association of Women Friends, to fight against concubinage.

1899
Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League campaign against child labour and sweatshops and in favour of minimum wage legislation, shorter hours, improved conditions, and safety laws.

1900
Efficiency expert and industrial psychologist Lillian Moller (later Gilbreth) becomes the first female commencement speaker at the University of California at Berkeley.

1900
British tennis player Charlotte Cooper wins the first women's gold medal at the Olympics.

1900
Doctor Yoshioka Yayoi founds Japan's first medical school for women.

1901
Japan's Women's College is founded in Tokyo. Many of the women who graduate help to establish feminism in Japan.

1902
Ida M. Tarbell begins publishing The History of the Standard Oil Company in McClure's Magazine. Her exposé will contribute to the breakup of the company by a U.S. Supreme Court order in 1911.

1902
With the passage of the Midwives Act, the British Parliament requires midwives to be licensed.

1903
Mary Morton Kimball Kehew, Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, Jane Addams, and other middle-class reformers found the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) in order to help working women organize.

1904
In French law, women are no longer permanent minors.

1904
Lillian D. Wald, Florence Kelley, and other reformers establish the National Child Labor Committee to work for legislation prohibiting child labour in the United States.

1904
Helen Keller, who is deaf and blind, graduates cum laude from Radcliffe College.

1905
English socialist economist Beatrice Webb becomes a member of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws.

1905
Mohtaram Eskandari starts the Union of Patriotic Women, Iran's first organization for women. Religious leaders break up the first meeting and burn some of the women alive.

1906
Women in Finland win the right to vote.

1906
Russian revolutionary Mariya Spiridonova assassinates General Luzhenovsky.

1906
Anarchist Emma Goldman begins publishing Mother Earth magazine.

1907
Miina Sillanpää is elected to the Finnish Parliament.

1907
Margaret Slocum Sage donates $10 million to endow the Russell Sage Foundation to sponsor research to improve social conditions in the United States.

1908
Hannah Kent Schoff organizes the International Conference on Child Welfare in Washington, D.C.

1908
A group of women storm the British Parliament demanding suffrage. Twenty-four of them are arrested.

1908
In Muller v. State of Oregon the U.S. Supreme Court sustains a state law limiting the workday for Oregon's women workers to 10 hours.

1908
The government of Iran institutes a plan to improve women's literacy.

[Kobi]

Loretta Perfectus Walsh (April 22, 1896 – August 6, 1925) became the first American active-duty Navy woman, and the first woman allowed to serve as a woman, in any of the United States armed forces other than as a nurse, when she enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve on March 17, 1917. Walsh subsequently became the first woman Navy petty officer when she was sworn in as Chief Yeoman on March 21, 1917.

Marie Bottineau Baldwin (1863-1952) was a Chippewa attorney. Marie was the first Native American student and first woman of color to graduate from the Washington College of Law. Today the Women’s Law Association at her alma mater funds a scholarship in her name. Following law school, Marie worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and was treasurer the Society of American Indians.

Rebecca Latimer Felton (June 10, 1835 – January 24, 1930) was an American writer, lecturer, reformer, and politician who became the first woman to serve in the United States Senate. She was the most prominent woman in Georgia in the Progressive Era, and was honored by appointment to the Senate; she was sworn in on November 21, 1922, and served one day, the shortest serving Senator in U.S. history. At 87 years old, 9 months and 22 days, she was also the oldest freshman senator to enter the Senate

[The_Lady_Snow]

Gloria Anzaldua was a groundbreaking poet and cultural theorist, self-described Chicana/Tejana/lesbian/feminist/poet/writer.

[Kobi]

1909
The Sri Lanka Tamil Women's Union is created.

1909
Aleksandra Kollontay publishes The Social Foundations of the Women's Question while in exile from Russia.

1909
Mary White Ovington and Ida B. Wells-Barnett help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

1909
In New York, shirtwaist workers go on strike. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) work together in support of the strike.

1911
Imprisoned British suffragists stage hunger strikes.

1911
Marie Curie is awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of pure radium.

1911
Journalist and publisher Kalliroe Parren establishes the Lyceum of Greek Women.

1911
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York City kills 146 workers, most of them young immigrant women. They were unable to escape because the exit doors had been locked to prevent theft.

1912
Juliette Gordon Low founds the Girl Guides (later Girl Scouts) in the United States. By 1927 there will be a troop in every state.

1913
Norwegian women win the right to vote.

1913
English suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst is arrested for conspiracy to blow up David Lloyd George's home. While in jail, she goes on a hunger strike.

1913
In Washington, D.C., Alice Paul and the National American Woman Suffrage Association organize a huge march on the Capitol the day before President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration.

1914
In Russia, Princess Eugenie Shakhovskaya is the first female military pilot. She flies reconnaissance missions.

1914
American activist Margaret Sanger is indicted under the Comstock Act for distributing a birth control pamphlet titled Family Limitation.

1915
Danish women win the right to vote.

1915
Carrie Chapman Catt and Jane Addams combine several American pacifist organizations to create the Women's Peace Party.

1915
The International Congress of Women meets at The Hague to consider ways to end World War I.

1916
The British government recruits 400,000 women to work in agriculture while men are at war.

1916
Jeannette Rankin is elected to Congress from Montana; she is the first female member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

1916
María Jesús Alvarado Rivera establishes Evolución Femenina, Peru's first women's organization.

1917
Soon after coming to power in Russia, the Bolsheviks reform marriage laws, create maternity leave, and establish equal employment and wages.

1917
Laws passed in Cuba protect women's custody of children, divorce rights, and property rights.

1917
The U.S. Navy hires 12,000 women as clerks in the same job classifications and for the same pay as men so that it can send men overseas.

1917
Feminist Kimura Komako organizes the first Japanese woman suffrage meeting.

1917
On March 8, Russian women strike for “bread and peace,” helping spark the revolution that overthrows the imperial government. The date is later chosen to mark International Women's Day.

1918
Canadian and British women are granted the right to vote, although in Great Britain a woman must be over age 30.

1918
The Indian National Congress endorses giving women the right to vote.

1918
Peruvians pass a law granting working women two hours a day to nurse their infants.

1918
The U.S. government reports that 1.4 million women work in war industries. After World War I these women are forced out of industrial work.

1918
British birth-control activist Marie Stopes publishes the controversial and best-selling books Married Love and Wise Parenthood.

1919
Lady Astor becomes the first female member of the British House of Commons.

1919
The Treaty of Versailles includes a requirement that women receive equal pay. The clause is universally ignored.

1920
In Chile the National Council of Women is created to agitate for women's rights.

1920
In Japan, Hiratsuka Raicho, Oku Mumeo, and Ichikawa Fusae found the Shin Fujin Kyokai (“Association of New Women”) to work for women's unions and equal rights.

1920
The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is signed into law, giving women the right to vote.

1920
Despite death threats from the Ku Klux Klan, Mary McLeod Bethune begins a voter registration drive for African American women.

1920
Edith Eder from Hungary, Rebecca Sieff from Britain, and Vera Weizmann from Russia found the Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO).

1920
The University of Oxford admits its first full-degree female students.

1920
Joan of Arc is canonized.

1921
Agnes McPhail becomes the first female Canadian member of Parliament.

1921
Grace Abbott becomes head of the United States Children's Bureau. She works for better health care for children and mothers as well as laws against child labour.

1921
The German Nazi Party excludes women from membership.

1921
Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League, which later becomes the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

1922
Bertha Lutz founds the Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women.

1922
Rebecca Ann Latimer Felton becomes the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate. She serves only two days.

1923
Egyptian feminist Huda Shaarawi publicly unveils and inspires many other women to do the same.

1924
Chinese women demonstrate when Sun Yat-sen's National Congress denies them suffrage.

1925
The first women's college in Korea, Ewha Womans College (founded 1886), is accredited.

1926
New Argentine legislation gives women equality under the civil code.

1927
Norwegian-born figure skater Sonja Henie wins her first world amateur championship. She goes on to win the next nine world championships and gold medals at the Olympics in 1928, 1932, and 1936.

1929
Margaret Grace Bondfield is named minister of labour and becomes the first British female cabinet minister.

1929
Virginia Woolf publishes A Room of One's Own.

[Kobi]

Poker Alice (Alice Ivers Duffield Tubbs Huckert) (February 17, 1851 - February 27, 1930), was the best known female poker player in the American West. When she was twenty, the petite, attractive Alice married the mining engineer and avid gambler Frank Duffield. Alice joined her husband on his gambling excursions and quickly learned to master both poker and faro. When Frank was killed in an explosion, Alice began to earn her livelihood as a professional gambler. Alice died at the age of 79.

Virne Beatrice "Jackie" Mitchell Gilbert (Aug 29,1912,13or14–Jan 7,1987) was one of the first female pitchers in professional baseball history.Pitching for the Chattanooga Lookouts Class AA minor league baseball team in an exhibition game against the New York Yankees, she struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. A few days after Mitchell struck out Ruth and Gehrig, baseball commissioner Kenesaw Landis voided her contract and declared women unfit to play baseball as the game was "too strenuous".